How can postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) be managed?

The management of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is primarily addressed through the administration of antiemetic medications. PONV is a common complication following surgery and can lead to discomfort, prolonged recovery, and even increased hospital stay. Antiemetics specifically target the physiological mechanisms that trigger nausea and vomiting. By blocking these pathways—such as those involving serotonin, dopamine, or neurokinin—antiemetic medications effectively reduce the incidence and severity of PONV.

Medical professionals often select antiemetics based on the patient's individual risk factors, the type of surgery performed, and the anesthesia used, tailoring treatment to maximize efficacy while minimizing potential side effects. This approach allows for a more effective and immediate response to managing symptoms compared to other methods.

Other options, while they may contribute to patient comfort or overall recovery, do not address the biochemical pathways associated with PONV as directly or effectively as antiemetics do. For instance, strict dietary changes may help avoid triggers but are unlikely to provide immediate relief from nausea. Increased fluid intake is generally beneficial for hydration but does not specifically target nausea and vomiting mechanisms. Frequent position changes can also improve patient comfort and help with other postoperative issues but are not a primary strategy for managing PONV.